| sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later | |
|---|---|
| Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions | Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 |
597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form.
23| The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | |
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| Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions |
5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account.
9| Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 | The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |
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| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions |