ارسل عليك الرسايل كني ارسل فراغ. عبد الملك بن مروان

Margariti, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, p 4 Margariti, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, p
Our approach is based on tracking the Islamic Western merchants North Africa and Muslim Spain presence in the Eastern trade from Alexandria to China during the late Middle Age , Navigated Spaces, Connected Places: Proceedings of the Red Sea Project V Held at the University of Exeter, 16-19 September 2010, BAR Publishing, Oxford, 2012, p

المغاربة وتجارة الهند من البحر الأحمر إلى المحيط الهندي والصين

They were conscious of a crisis in the spice trade, which was of no use for the classical world till the advent of the Portuguese in the early 16th century.

1
عبد الملك بن مروان
, Dionisius, Cooper, John P
المغاربة وتجارة الهند من البحر الأحمر إلى المحيط الهندي والصين
Margariti, Roxani Eleni, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arab Port, University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina, 2007
عبد الملك بن مروان
Coulon, Barcelone et le grand commerce, p
30 Coulon, Barcelone et le grand commerce, p
De Gama, Voyage de Vasco de Gama, p 34 De Gama, Voyage de Vasco de Gama, p

المغاربة وتجارة الهند من البحر الأحمر إلى المحيط الهندي والصين

, Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Geniza Merchants and Their Business World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.

عبد الملك بن مروان
, Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1974
عبد الملك بن مروان
, India Traders of the Middles Ages: Documents from the Cairo Geniza, Brill, Leyde, 2008
مصطلحات هامة في البريد الإلكتروني
However, the documents show some limitations, since they mention Jewish merchants only