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| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p |
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23| push choice ; if choice | 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
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| however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 | href, 'photoTPW', width, height, false, false, typeof noScroll! 'clear' : 'set'] paramName, element |
597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form.